Commenting on the Education Policy Institute’s (EPI) disadvantage
  gaps in England report, NFER Research Director, Dr Lisa Morrison
  Coulthard said:
  “This report from the EPI on the extent of the disadvantage gap
  shines an important light on the continued disproportionate
  impact of the pandemic on the attainment of disadvantaged
  children. There is a pressing need for Government to enable
  schools to target funding to those that are most in need, based
  on accurate and meaningful data. As we highlighted in our
  report investigating the
  changing landscape of disadvantage, we are also concerned that
  both the pandemic and transitional arrangements introduced to
  smooth the roll out of Universal Credit are affecting free school
  meal eligibility. Our research highlighted that, as a
  consequence, the composition of the disadvantage group is
  changing.
  “Over the coming decade, it will become increasingly hard to tell
  whether apparent changes to the attainment gap are being driven
  by changes to the composition of the disadvantage group, economic
  conditions or genuine attainment changes. We strongly support the
  call for better linkage between datasets to enable more sensitive
  and accurate identification of persistently disadvantaged
  students. Moreover, we agree that further evidence is needed to
  better understand the factors that are most strongly associated
  with differences in attainment levels for vulnerable groups.”